Cautionary Tale: When Contemplating Live Music at Your Venue, Get a License

Last summer, a small band performed at a bar called 69 Taps in Medina, Ohio, near Cleveland. That evening, the band covered a number of popular songs that the mostly middle-aged audience had grown up listening to. The bar had not asked for a set list, nor had the band provided one. The band took requests, playing hits like “Brown Eyed Girl” and “Freebird” for a small audience. The problem? “Freebird” and nine other songs that the band covered that evening are protected by Broadcast Music, Inc. (“BMI”), a performing rights organization tasked with collecting royalties, and 69 Taps did not have a license to present music from BMI’s catalog.

 The bar was slammed with a lawsuit brought by BMI and the copyright holders of each of the ten covered songs, demanding that 69 Taps pay significant damages and attorneys’ fees. While it may seem harsh to sue a small-time bar for copyright infringement over an amateur cover band’s decision to take requests on a summer evening, this lawsuit is a testament to the fact that BMI (one of the “big three” American performing rights organizations along with ASCAP and SESAC) takes aggressive steps to protect the intellectual property of its artists. Because 69 Taps did not ask for a set list or post one on its website, BMI could only have found out about the performance of the infringing works through its survey process—by actually having a representative in the audience to keep tabs on the performance. Any venue that presents live music, no matter how small or obscure, should expect to be “surveyed” by the three performing rights organizations. 

The solution to avoiding these lawsuits is for venues to purchase a “blanket license.” For example, if 69 Taps had purchased BMI’s blanket license, it would have had unfettered permission to present any of the roughly 8.5 million songs in BMI’s catalog for a flat annual fee. BMI allocates shares of the licensing fee to the artists whose work is represented in the venue’s programming, as determined by the same survey methodologies that discovered 69 Taps’s unlicensed performances. The cost of the blanket license is much less than the cost of defending just one copyright infringement lawsuit, so if your business plans on offering live music, the safe bet is to purchase blanket licenses from all three major performing rights organizations. Otherwise, businesses may have to “face the music.”

Frank Gulino is an associate attorney with Washington, DC business law firm Berenzweig Leonard. He can be reached at FGulino@BerenzweigLaw.com.

Selling Your Company? Make Sure Your Deal Protects Privileged Communications.

The Delaware Court of Chancery, one of the most sophisticated and influential venues for the resolution of corporate disputes, has held that when one company acquires another, privileged communications between the acquired company and its attorneys are not protected during subsequent litigation between the companies unless the merger agreement contained a term providing otherwise. While the acquired company holds the privilege as long as it remains a separate entity, control over privileged communications passes to the acquiring company at the time of the acquisition, along with other company assets.

This issue arose recently in Great Hill Equity IV, LP v. SIG Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP, in which the acquiring company had a case of “buyer’s remorse” following the deal after discovering what it believed to be evidence of fraud on the part of the acquired company. The evidence consisted of pre-acquisition communications between the acquired company and its legal counsel. In a subsequent lawsuit between the two corporations, the acquired company cited attorney-client privilege in its efforts to prevent the introduction of those communications into evidence. In holding that those pre-acquisition communications were no longer privileged, the Court of Chancery noted that “all property, rights, privileges, and all and every other interest shall be thereafter as effectually the property of the surviving or resulting corporation.”

Because “privileges” are specifically listed under the Delaware statute, otherwise-protected communications between the acquired company and its counsel are available for use by the acquiring company during litigation in the absence of a clear carve-out in the acquisition agreement that preserves the privilege. Because the Delaware Court of Chancery handles so many corporate law matters and operates in the state of incorporation of a majority of Fortune 500 companies, the holding in Great Hill Equity provides a roadmap that should interest all business owners. In order to ensure the continued privilege of pre-acquisition communications, the parties should take steps to negotiate, agree upon, and include in their acquisition agreement a term that provides for such a continuation of the privilege. Otherwise, the rights to those communications will be transferred to the acquiring company just like any other property, and could cause serious problems.

Frank Gulino joined Berenzweig Leonard as an associate attorney in 2013. He can be reached at FGulino@BerenzweigLaw.com.

It's Your Birthday and You Can Sue If You Want To

If you are one of the handful of people who loved the short-lived Aaron Sorkin show Sports Night, you might remember the scene where Dan (played by Josh Charles) gets called to the network lawyer’s office because the network has been billed $2,500 by the representatives of Mildred and Patty Hill. The bill came because Dan sang Happy Birthday to You to his co-anchor on the air. Dan is surprised to find that the song is copyrighted and the storyline continues with Dan trying to come up with songs in the public domain that he can sing for each of his coworkers’ birthdays. I remember laughing with friends about what our public-domain birthday songs should be, although we never got around to deciding. And now we may not have to.

Good Morning to You Productions Corp. has sued Warner/Chappell Music claiming that, despite years of collecting royalties based on two 1935 copyright registrations, Warner/Chappell does not actually own a valid copyright to the popular version of the song Happy Birthday to You that we all know. The case, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California and styled Good Morning to You Productions Corp. v. Warner/Chappell Music, Inc., No. CV-13-04460-GHK, will be one to watch this year. Filed as a putative class action with multiple claims, the case has been bifurcated so that the court will first decide the claim for declaratory judgment as to ownership of the song.

It took how many people to write that song?

The complaint contains a fairly detailed description of the alleged evolution of the song Happy Birthday, beginning in 1893, when the song Good Morning to All was published. The plaintiffs, all of whom paid royalties to Warner/Chappell to use the song, claim that the melody to Mildred and Patty Hill’s Good Morning to All passed into the public domain when the publisher who initially registered the copyright failed to renew the copyright and published the work with no copyright notice. They further allege that Mildred and Patty Hill did not author the lyrics to Happy Birthday to You, as evidenced by publication of the lyrics in 1911 and 1912 by various sources. The complaint alleges that the lyrics and music to Happy Birthday to You were first published together in 1924 and again in 1928 with no claim of copyright or attribution to the Hill sisters and that the song was used in 1933 in the world’s first singing telegram.

In 1935 Clayton F. Summy Co. registered two work-for-hire copyrights for Happy Birthday to You that did not reference Good Morning to All or the Hill sisters but instead attributed the music and lyrics to R.R. Forman and Preston Ware Orem. Eventually in 1998, those registered copyrights became Warner/Chappell’s property and are the basis for Warner/Chappell’s pursuit of royalties for use of the song. The plaintiffs claim that those two copyrights are either invalid because the music and lyrics were already in the public domain and were not authored by either Forman or Ware or are valid but limited only to the specific piano musical arrangement and the added second verse that appears in one of the registrations. Warner/Chappell of course disagrees and argues that the plaintiffs do not have enough evidence to overcome the presumption of validity of the two copyrights.

At stake for Warner/Chappell is roughly two million dollars in royalty payments per year. More importantly, the case will involve some really interesting issues of copyright validity and the scope of copyright protection for musical composition works. Discovery is underway and summary judgment motions are due in November of this year. Stay tuned for more discussion of the issues raised by this case in future posts.

Jennifer Atkins is of counsel to the Washington, DC business law firm, Berenzweig Leonard. She can be reached at jennifer.atkins@cloudigylaw.com.

The President’s Minimum Wage Announcement Ignores Current Rates

President Obama recently announced his intent to sign an Executive Order which would unilaterally increase the minimum wage for certain workers on federal projects. The current federal minimum wage rate is $7.25 an hour, and President Obama is looking to raise it to $10.10 per hour. At first glance, one may think that such an increase will have a widespread impact on the Washington, DC metro area, given its large concentration of federal contractors.

This will not be the case. Such a change would only apply to new or revised federal contracts, and not to current federal contracts. More significantly, the majority of federal contractors are already being paid wages that are over the proposed minimum $10.10 rate, depending on their wage classification.

For example, a bulldozer operator on a federal project in Fairfax County can make a minimum rate of $20.40 per hour, and a court security officer in Washington, D.C. can make a minimum rate of $24.72 per hour. These rates are controlled by the Department of Labor through the Davis-Bacon Act and the Service Contract Act. Additionally, many federal contractors are union members, meaning that their wage rates and benefits are controlled by collective bargaining agreements. As a result, the President is targeting an issue that is already largely covered by federal law, wage determinations and collective bargaining.

President Obama plans to highlight his Executive Order in tonight’s State of the Union address. While the potential increase may derive from good intentions, it imposes a requirement on an already heavily-regulated industry, and many business owners know that they are already in compliance with the increase.

Katie Lipp is an attorney with the Washington, DC regional business law firm Berenzweig Leonard, LLP. Katie can be reached at klipp@berenzweiglaw.com.

Is It Time to Pop the Hood and Update Your Social Media Policy?

You've sat down with your lawyer, put together a stellar social media policy for your business, and made sure that all your employees are aware of the rules. At this point, you might think that you've reached a safe harbor and can put the issue of social media to bed for the next few years. In reality, though, because people are continuing to find new and unexpected ways to make use of social media outlets, the law is constantly shifting and changing in response. If business owners and managers are not vigilant, they may find themselves with social media policies that are not only outdated, but ineffective and even dangerous.

Social media content can translate into serious value. The size of a company’s Twitter following or number of Facebook likes are considered to be markers of prestige as well as practical means for marketing companies’ products and services. Recent court decisions, however, are beginning to suggest that traditional social media policies may permit disgruntled former employees to walk away with all or part of the online capital that they have generated for their former employers. There is also a growing trend in content generator attempts to enforce their intellectual property rights against social media users. Employees’ innocent yet infringing posts could lead to demand letters or even the shutdown of a company’s social media accounts in the event of multiple infractions. And, as we have noted before on this blog, the federal government’s recent characterization of social media as the “digital water cooler” means that social media policies that were considered acceptable just a few years ago may no longer be enforceable.

To ensure that your company stays on the right side of the cutting edge, IT guru Todd Thibodeaux recommends that companies revisit their social media policies one or two times each year. “Waiting too long between policy evaluations can put your business at risk of missing a new trend, use, or vulnerability within the fast-paced social media world,” Thibodeaux cautions. “You might not make sweeping changes (or any at all) at each checkpoint. Nevertheless, it’s smart to make regular assessments a habit.” Considering periodic review of your companies’ social media policy is a sound idea.

Ryen Rasmus is an associate attorney for the Washington, DC regional business law firm Berenzweig Leonard, LLP. He can be reached at RRasmus@BerenzweigLaw.com.

Companies Can Now Fight Back Against Anonymous Online Criticism

It is every company’s worst nightmare: An anonymous poster goes online and makes negative and disparaging statements about the company.  In the social media age we are in, this unfortunate scenario has played out countless times on such sites as Yelp, Rip-Off Report, and other online review sites.  Companies faced with this situation have largely felt powerless to counteract anonymous posters or even find out who the posters are.  But a recent decision by the Virginia Court of Appeals will now give companies some much needed leverage to fight back.

Yelp was forced this week by the Virginia Court of Appeals to “unmask” anonymous posters who posted negative, and possibly false, reviews about a local Virginia carpet cleaning company, Hadeed Carpet Cleaning. Hadeed believed that seven negative Yelp reviews of its services were false, and so it filed a defamation lawsuit against the anonymous posters, naming them as “John Does.” In order to unmask the anonymous posters, Hadeed then sent a subpoena for documents to Yelp, which Yelp objected to on First Amendment grounds.

The Virginia Court of Appeals ruled that Yelp had to comply with the subpoena and provide information about the identities of the online posters.  The Court balanced the First Amendment rights of the anonymous posters versus the rights of companies to protect their reputations, and stated that false statements are not protected by the First Amendment. Yelp argued that Hadeed Carpet Cleaning had to prove its defamation case before Yelp could be forced to unmask its posters – even though Virginia law does not require companies to meet that burden. The Court clarified that Virginia’s unmasking procedure only requires a company to have a legitimate good faith basis to contend that it has been a victim of defamation. Yelp now has to produce the records and disclose the people who posted the negative reviews.

This is a very significant decision in the social media arena, and provides some much-needed leverage for businesses seeking to protect their online reputations against false and often faceless posters. Businesses often need to protect themselves against online attacks by posters who post false reviews, and this recent decision clarifies the legal avenues available to companies in Virginia and potentially elsewhere to protect against malicious posters seeking to damage business reputations.

Seth Berenzweig is a managing partner at the DC regional business law firm, Berenzweig Leonard, LLP. Seth can be reached at sberenzweig@berenzweiglaw.com. Katie Lipp, an attorney with the firm, co-authored this post. Katie can be reached at klipp@berenzweiglaw.com.

Is Your Business’s E-mail Marketing Compliant?

In today’s economy, most businesses do a substantial part of their marketing on the Internet, and use e-mail marketing to advertise their products and services. In an attempt to stem the flow of unwanted, unsolicited junk e-mail ("spam"), Congress enacted the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act, known as the "CAN-SPAM" Act, 15 U.S. Code Sec. 7701. Despite its name, the CAN-SPAM Act does not just apply to bulk e-mail. It covers all commercial messages, which the Act defines as “any electronic mail message the primary purpose of which is the commercial advertisement or promotion of a commercial product or service,” including e-mail that promotes content on commercial websites. Thus, companies that do not think of themselves as “spammers” are in fact subject to the Act if they use e-mail in their direct marketing efforts. Notably, there is no exception for business-to-business e-mail so it is important that companies understand the law.

The Act imposes hefty penalties for violations, and in addition, allows private internet service providers (ISP’s) to sue businesses who use their facilities or servers to send spam that violates the Act and to recover statutory damages. As such, noncompliance can be costly, and before embarking upon an e-mail marketing campaign, businesses should take steps to ensure that any unsolicited e-mail to potential or existing customers is compliant with a number of very specific federal guidelines.

Among the Act’s the main requirements:

• Subject lines, e-mail headers, and domain names must be accurate and not misleading
• You must provide a way for recipients to opt-out or unsubscribe from your communications and clearly explain the process in your e-mails
• You must actually honor the requests to opt-out or unsubscribe within 10 business days
• You must include a valid postal address in your e-mail
• You must disclose if your message in an advertisement

Virginia, as well as many other states, also has a statutory framework governing commercial e-mail and spam. The CAN-SPAM Act generally preempts state anti-spam laws, but provides some exceptions to state law preemption and the exact scope of preemption has been the subject of litigation. Businesses that engage in direct e-mail marketing should review their marketing practices for legal compliance with the CAN-SPAM Act, as well as state law.

Sara Dajani is an Associate Attorney with the DC region business law firm of Berenzweig Leonard, LLP. Sara can be reached at sdajani@BerenzweigLaw.com.